范科尼(Fanconi)综合征
Fanconi综合征是遗传性因素或获得性因素引起肾小管严重损伤,近端小管功能全面崩溃,临床上可表现为肾性氨基酸尿、肾性葡萄糖尿、肾性磷酸盐尿、近端肾小管酸中毒、肾性有机酸尿、肾小管性蛋白尿及不适当尿电解质丢失症等,由此可引起低磷血症、低钙血症、脱水、佝偻病、骨质疏松及生长迟缓等。
(一)病因与发病原理
近端肾小管多功能损害的发生机制可能与上皮细胞的复合转运系统异常、能量代谢异常或浓度梯度缺陷等因素有关。
从病因方面可将本病分为与遗传有关的、特发性及继发性三大类。
1.遗传性Fanconi综合征 多见于婴幼儿患者,可为常染色体显性遗传或隐性遗传,个别可呈现性连锁遗传。可与其他全身性遗传性疾病同时存在,如胱氨酸病、糖原贮积症、肝豆状核变性、Lowe综合征等。
2.特发性Fanconi综合征 没有明确的系统性疾病,部分可能与基因突变有关。
3.获得性Fanconi综合征 多见于成人患者,可见于各种严重损伤近端肾小管的疾病,比较常见的有:肾病综合征、移植肾、间质性肾炎、肾静脉血栓形成、巴尔干肾病、多发性骨髓瘤、轻链病、淀粉样变、干燥综合征、低钾性肾病、甲状旁腺功能亢进及肾髓质囊性病、重金属中毒、过期四环素肾毒性作用、氨基苷类抗生素肾毒性作用、抗肿瘤药物(顺铂、异环磷酰胺)肾毒性作用等。
多克隆抗体自身免疫机制也可引起 Fanconi综合征。Makker报告1例儿童患有膜性肾病、近端肾小管基膜自身抗体(TBMAb)相关性间质性肾炎及 Fanconi综合征。膜性肾病先于 TBMAb相关性间质性肾炎及 Fanconi综合征1年。提示膜性肾病不是 TBMAb引起的病变。该患者使用泼尼松之后,TBMAb相关性间质性肾炎、肾病综合征及 Fanconi综合征都缓解。
近研究发现,Fanconi综合征也是一种重要的线粒体呼吸链疾病。Morris等报告 3例婴儿患者,主要生化缺陷是线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅲ异常,出生前有宫内生长迟缓。使用维生素 C、维生素K3及辅酶 Q等治疗无效。
近几年随着抗肿瘤药异环磷酰胺临床应用的逐渐增多,其肾毒性作用被人们逐渐认识,一般认为,异环磷酰胺主要在小儿引起 Fanconi综合征,但是在成人亦有发病,有的甚至发生于停药数月后。
(二)临床表现
不同病因引起的 Fanconi综合征,其发病年龄不同,临床表现亦各有其特点:于出生 6~12个月发病者,常因多尿烦渴、脱水消瘦、呕吐拒食及无力发热等就诊,生长迟缓,发育障碍,可有抗维生素D佝偻病及严重营养不良。化验检查显示:肾性全氨基酸尿、肾性糖尿、低钾血症、低磷血症、低钙血症、低尿酸血症、碱性磷酸酶增高及近端肾小管酸中毒等改变,患儿常死于尿毒症。于2岁以后发病者,则症状较轻,突出表现为抗维生素D佝偻病。成年起病者,往往以软骨病为突出的临床表现。晚期可发生尿毒症。
(三)诊断
Fanconi综合征的实质是近端肾小管功能全面崩溃,从临床实际出发,经实验检查证实同时有肾性氨基酸尿、肾性葡萄糖尿、肾性磷酸盐尿、近端肾小管酸中毒及肾小管性蛋白尿时本病即可确诊。继发性Fanconi综合征往往从原发病中得到诊断线索。
(四)治疗
1.病因治疗 使用肾毒性药物时,应注意预防肾脏损害。如使用氨基苷类抗生素时,应避免剂量过大,充分水化尿液,用药前要尽量纠正水电解质紊乱。避免合并使用肾毒性药物,也不要与利尿剂并用。基础肾功能不良的患者慎用肾毒性药。免疫性疾病引起者,应针对不同情况进行免疫治疗。使用抗肿瘤制剂的患者,要动态观察肾功能,尤其是肾小管功能,使用顺铂、异环磷酰胺的患者,在化疗结束后还要继续动态观察,在此期间也避免使用肾毒性药物。威尔逊(Wilson)病或重金属中毒等疾病时,促进毒物排泄。遗传代谢性疾病时,通过饮食管理减少代谢毒性物质沉积。
2.对症治疗 本病突出的问题是肾脏不适当丢失钾、钙、磷及碳酸盐,引起相应的症状与继发性病变。所以,对症治疗要特别重视补充上述电解质与碱性药,并辅以适量的维生素 D3。严重肾功能不全的患者,因为健存肾单位过少,肾脏排泄磷障碍(这时低磷血症不明显),不必补磷。补钙及补磷的方法参照本章第五节。补充碱性药参见本章第六节。低尿酸血症、氨基酸尿及肾小管性蛋白尿一般无需治疗。大多数患者经对症治疗效果显著。Uchida等报告1例64岁的女性患者,Fanconi综合征引起严重代谢性骨病,双光子骨密度检查显示腰椎骨密度仅为同龄同性对照组的65%,给予枸椽酸钠、枸椽酸钾、乳酸钙及 1-α维生素 D3,30个月后患者血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降,腰椎骨密度增加到对照组的82%。
·崔世维·
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